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Credential

Credential

Identification and authentication are important parts of asserting a digital identity and, therefore, a key pillar within any Identity and Access Management (IAM) process. An IAM process can't function without at least one credential or authentication factor. But what exactly is a credential? And what types of credentials are there? We explain.

What Is a Credential?

A credential is a piece of information used to verify the identity of a user, device, or system. In everyday life, examples include a diploma or certificate that demonstrates you have completed a particular program, possess certain skills and competencies, or are qualified for a specific type of work. A valid travel document or vaccination certificate can also serve as a credential for entering a country.

In a digital IAM context, a credential serves the same role. It is a way for the user to authenticate and gain access to an application, service, or online environment. A credential is usually issued by a third party or the owner of a service or platform. Using one or more credentials can validate a user's digital identity.

How Does It Work?

Credentials are used for authentication. They help validate whether a user, application, or device is truly who or what it claims to be. You verify whether the asserted digital identity matches the authenticity attributes and data known to you.

When invoking APIs to remote services, you usually must present credentials to authenticate yourself or the application. For example, if you have an app on your phone that needs access to files stored in Google Drive, you need credentials that identify the app as authorized to use that service.

What Types of Credentials Are There?

Credentials are an essential component of any identity and access management system because they enable users to authenticate and access the resources they are authorized to use. There are various credentials you can use in an IAM process. The most important ones are listed below:

  • Password: the most common type is a password, a simple yet widely used method for authenticating users. The password can be a secret value of letters, numbers, and other characters linked to your digital identity, or a one-time password (OTP). A one-time password is valid for a single use during a limited time period. The system compares the supplied password against a trusted information source, such as an authorized user database, to verify the user's identity.

  • Security Tokens: These credentials can be either physical or digital objects used to verify a user's identity. Examples include a smart card, a key fob, a FIDO2 key, or a mobile phone with a dedicated authenticator app. You link the security token to the system or application. It then displays a unique one-time code that must be entered, or it automatically passes this information to the system. This can provide an additional security layer because the user must possess the token to authenticate.

  • Biometric Data: This is another type of credential that is increasingly common in identity and access management systems. It refers to a person's unique physical characteristics, such as fingerprints, iris patterns, or facial features. Many modern smartphones now include biometric-scanning technology. The data is then compared with a trusted information source using specialized software. This can provide a high level of security because biometric data is difficult to forge or replicate.

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